Kidney is the excretion organ in vertebrates which shaped like a peanut. As part of the urinary system, kidneys serve to filter impurities (especially urea) from blood and threw it together with water in the form of urine. Branch of medicine that studies the kidney and the disease relates with kidney is called nephrology. Humans have a pair of kidneys which are located behind the stomach or abdomen. Kidney is located on the right and left of the spine, below the liver and spleen. At the top (superior) kidney is an adrenal gland (also called the suprarenal gland). The kidneys are a pair of organs of the urinary tract which are located in the upper retroperitoneal space. The shape resembles a nut with those each side typically concave facing each other. Both kidneys are situated around the vertebra T12 to L3. Right kidney usually lies slightly below the left kidney to make chamber for the heart. Most of the top of the kidneys are protected by ribs number eleventh and twelfth. Both kidneys wrapped by two layers of fat (perirenal fat and the pararenal fat) which help to cushion the shock. Heavy and large kidney varied; it depends on gender, age and presence or absence of kidney on the other side. On adults, the average kidney has a length of about 11.5 cm, a width of about 6 cm and a thickness of 3.5 cm and weighs about 120-170 grams or approximately 0.4% of body weight. [1] Kidney has a shape like a nut with grooves facing inward. Each kidney has an aperture which called hilus which connects between artery, renal vein, and urethra.
VASCULIRIZATION
Renal blood stream is derived from the renal artery is a direct branch of the abdominal aorta, whereas the renal vein function as a branch of the inferior the function is to venous return of blood. Renal arterial system is no branch artery anastomotic to another branch.
ORGANIZATIONS
The outermost part of kidney is called the cortex, the deeper is called medulla. Innermost part of the pelvis called. In the human kidney medulla can also be seen the existence of pyramid collector channel openings. Kidney fibrosis is wrapped by a thin and shiny network called kidney fibrous capsule and outside the capsule, perirenal fat tissue there. In above kidney is an adrenal gland. Kidney and adrenal gland wrapped by Gerota's fascia. The basic functional unit of the kidney is the nephron which can amount to more than one million in each normal adult human kidney. Nephron function as a regulator of water and solutes (especially electrolytes) in the body by filtering the blood, then reabsorb fluids and molecules are still needed for the body. Other molecule and the remaining liquid is discarded. Reabsorption and disposal is done by using countercurrent exchange and contransport mechanism. The final results were then called urine excreted. Nephron consists a filter component called corpuscles (or Malpighi bodies), followed by channels (tubules). Each contains a roll of capillary blood corpuscles called the glomerulus that are in the Bowman's capsule. Each glomerulus gets the blood flow of the afferent artery. Of the glomerular capillary wall has pore for filtration or filtration. Blood can be filtered through the porous walls of the thin epithelium of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule because of the pressure of the blood pushing blood plasma. The resulting filtrate will enter the role in the renal tubules. Blood which has filtered through the kidney will leave the efferent arteries. Among the blood in the glomerulus and the room filled with fluid in the Bowman's capsule, there are three layers:
- Layer of capillary endothelial cells in the glomerulus
- Layers of rich proteins as a base membrane
- Layer of epithelial cells wrapping Bowman's capsule (Podosit)
With the pressure helps, the fluid in the blood is pushed out of the glomerulus, through all three layers and into the chamber in the Bowman's capsule in the form of glomerular filtrate. This blood plasma filtrate is not contains blood cells and large protein molecules. Protein in the form of small molecules can be found in this filtrate. Human blood passes the kidneys as much as 350 times each day at a rate of 1.2 liters per minute, resulting in glomerular filtrate 125 cc per minute. Glomerular filtration rate is used for diagnostic tests of renal function.
KIDNEY TISSUE. THE BLUE COLOR INDICATES THE TUBULE
Renal tubule is a continuation of the Bowman's capsule. Glomerular filtrate flow portion of Bowman's capsule proximal convoluted tubule called. The next part is the loop of Henle distal convoluted tubule boils down. Henle is named based on its inventor Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle in the early 1860s. Henle maintain an osmotic gradient in the countercurrent exchange used for filtration. Cells lining the tubule have many mitochondria that produce ATP and enabling active transport to reabsorb glucose, amino acids, and various mineral ions. Most of the water (97.7%) infiltrate into the convoluted tubules and collecting tubules through osmosis. Fluid flows from the distal convoluted tubule into the collecting system consisting of:
- Connecting tubule
- Cortical collecting tubule
- Tubulus kloektivus medularis
- Cortical Collecting Tubule
- Kloektivus Medullary Tubules
Place of the loop of Henle intersect with the afferent artery called juxtaglomerular apparatus, containing the macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells. Juxtaglomerular cells are the site of synthesis and secretion of renin. The liquid increasingly becomes viscous fluid along the tubules and ducts to form urine, and furthermore it is then taken to pass through the urethra bladder.
Continued ...…
For those readers who still need more information or would like to consult, please come to the Hospital Complementary "Canon medicinae Indonesia". And if you are interested want to seek treatment, to find out more please see, come, ask, see for yourself or consult your self immediately Tubagus Ismail to Jalan Dago VII 21 Bandung West Java - INDONESIA Phone: +62 - (022) 253- 1000 / Fax. (022) 251-6663 / Mobile: +62 - 0812.2023.2009 (Kidney) / +62 - 0878.9537.5000 (Diabetes Mellitus) / +62 - 0856.9518.6000 (Cancer) / +62 - 0822.1848.2898 (Heart) PIN Blackberry: 7E8C39F5 (GENERAL), 7EBA27CF (CANCER), 7E7C3491 (RENAL) (Hospital Complementary only Canon medicinae Indonesia in Bandung - West Java - INDONESIA).
Complementary Hospital Pharmacy Team "Canon medicinae Indonesia" - Bandung - West Java - INDONESIA
